In other words, although the thing-in-itself is at any given moment thoroughly unknown, it nevertheless remains that part of the thing about which it is possible to learn more.[90]:101–102. This subject area received a new lease of life in the form of modern "mathematical logic" which grew up in the late 19th century, owing much to G Frege. Hegel (Full name: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel) (August 27, 1770 – November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher in part of the tradition of german idealism, but who was so influential he spawned his own tradition later called hegalianism. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (27. ágúst 1770 í Stuttgart í Þýskalandi – 14. nóvember 1831 í Berlín í Þýskalandi) var þýskur heimspekingur fæddur í Stuttgart í Württemberg, í dag í suðvestur Þýskalandi. The speculative identity of mind and nature suggests that reason and history progress in the direction of the Absolute by traversing various stages of relative immaturity, just like a sapling or a child, overcoming necessary setbacks and obstacles along the way (see Progress below). Here, Hegel published his Philosophy of Right (1821). [130], The Left Hegelians also influenced Marxism, which has in turn inspired global movements, from the Russian Revolution, the Chinese Revolution and myriad of practices up until the present moment.[130]. The work of understanding corresponds largely to the sort of judgments and inferences described above in our description of analytic logic. Hegel cites a number of fragments of Heraclitus in his Lectures on the History of Philosophy. While it appears that he felt that a civil society, such as the one in which he lived, was an inevitable step in the dialectic, he allowed for the crushing of other "lesser," not fully realized civil societies as they were not fully conscious of their lack of progress. The "thesis–antithesis–synthesis" approach erroneously gives the sense that things or ideas are contradicted or opposed by things that come from outside them. It is rational because the same, underlying, logical, developmental order underlies every domain of reality and self-conscious rational thought, although only in the later stages of development does it come to full self-consciousness. For example: Parmenides took pure being to be the absolute; Gorgias replaced it with pure nothing; Heraclitus replaced both being and nothing with becoming (which is a unity of two contraries: coming-to-be and ceasing-to-be). Dieses Werk zählt zu den einflussreichsten philosophischen Schriften der Neuzeit, die unter anderem im Neomarxismus der Frankfurter Schule, der philosophischen Hermeneutik und dem dialektischen Materialismus eine Rolle spielen. Herbert L. and Patricia Allen Dreyfus). Indeed, Hegel originally lectured on the substance of the Logic at Jena under the title Logic and Metaphysics. In other words, Hegel is arguing that processes of conceptual change that are not covered in formal logic as such, are in fact rational processes nonetheless and he proposes to tell us how. She died of bilious fever(Gallenfieber) when Hegel w… In 1805, the university promoted Hegel to the position of Extraordinary Professor (unsalaried) after he wrote a letter to the poet and minister of culture Johann Wolfgang Goethe protesting the promotion of his philosophical adversary Jakob Friedrich Fries ahead of him. Hegel war Kind eines pietistischen Beamten. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (27. srpna 1770, Stuttgart – 14. listopadu 1831, Berlín) byl filosof, představitel německého idealismu.Hegelovým hlavním přínosem je objev dějinnosti: svět není neměnné, stálé uspořádání, nýbrž jedno nesmírné dějství, v němž světový duch hledá cestu sám k sobě. [147], Isaiah Berlin listed Hegel as one of the six architects of modern authoritarianism who undermined liberal democracy, along with Rousseau, Claude Adrien Helvétius, Fichte, Saint-Simon and Joseph de Maistre. Andere bekende werken van Hegel zijn Wissenschaft der Logik (1812-16), Philosophie des Rechts (1821), Enzyklopädie der philosophischen (1827) en Richard Rojcewicz), CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Insole, C. J., "The Origin of Evil and the Incoherence of Noumenal First Causation", in. Hegel har været skoledannende inden for den såkaldte kontinentale filosofi. In 1831, Frederick William III decorated him with the Order of the Red Eagle, 3rd Class for his service to the Prussian state. Some historians have spoken of Hegel's influence as represented by two opposing camps. [95]:146 Rather than stress the singularity of each factor that complements and conflicts with the others, the relationship between finite and infinite (and particular and universal, and nature and freedom) becomes intelligible as a progressively developing and self-perfecting whole. The infinitude of spirit is its inwardness, in an abstract sense its pure inwardness, and this is its thought, and this abstract thought is a real present infinitude, while its concrete inwardness consists in the fact that this thought is Spirit. [59]:4, At the age of three, Hegel went to the German School. Criticism of Hegel has been widespread in the 19th and the 20th centuries. Schelling and Hölderlin immersed themselves in theoretical debates on Kantian philosophy, from which Hegel remained aloof. According to Hegel, this unity evolved through and manifested itself in contradiction and negation. Hegel however, being less drawn to scepticism, goes a little further than this: when I say "it is" (whatever it may be) I am in thought going beyond subjective imaginings and at least thinking (though perhaps mistakenly) about what is outside my own consciousness. All three together are called "ethical life" (Sittlichkeit). Beginning in the 1990s after the fall of the Soviet Union, a fresh reading of Hegel took place in the West. [107] His thoughts on the person of Jesus Christ stood out from the theologies of the Enlightenment. Thus they urge the reader to lay aside the very difficult "transition" passages in which Hegel seeks to move from one essay to another. Res politicae. the Reign of Terror that followed) and would result in a "synthesis" (e.g. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (27 Augustus 1770 – 14 November 1831) was 'n Duitse filosoof.Hy word as 'n belangrike figuur in die Duitse idealisme beskou. Thus an Aristotelian argument may be of form "All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore Socrates is mortal." Hegel recounted his impressions in a letter to his friend Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer: I saw the Emperor—this world-soul [Weltseele]—riding out of the city on reconnaissance. A diverse range of individuals including Arthur Schopenhauer, Karl Marx, Søren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, Bertrand Russell, G. E. Moore, Franz Rosenzweig, Eric Voegelin and A. J. Ayer have challenged Hegelian philosophy from a variety of perspectives. After the period of Bruno Bauer, Hegel's influence waned until the philosophy of British Idealism and the 20th-century Hegelian Western Marxism that began with György Lukács. In Hegel's draft manuscripts written during his time at the University of Jena, his notion of "Geist" was tightly bound to the notion of "Aether", from which he also derived the concepts of space and time, but in his later works (after Jena) he did not explicitly use his old notion of "Aether". Doctrines of judgment investigate relations of subject and predicate; and doctrines of inference lay out the forms of syllogisms originally found in Aristotelian term logic. This may be explained by reference to Descartes, who began his constructive thought with the proposition "I think, therefore I am". Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Iz Wikipedije, proste enciklopedije (Preusmerjeno s strani Hegel) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, nemški filozof, * 27. avgust 1770, Stuttgart, vojvodina Württemberg, Nemčija, † 14. november 1831, Berlin. If we try to to reverse the statement: "A man is Socrates" is liable to be false. Hegel's categories are, in part, carried over from his Lectures on the History of Philosophy. Kaufmann). This mind comprehends all of these phases and sub-parts as steps in its own process of comprehension. The origin of philosophy is to be dated from Heraclitus. [37] Paul Tillich wrote that the historical dialectical thought of Hegel "has influenced world history more profoundly than any other structural analysis. With his finances drying up quickly, Hegel was under great pressure to deliver his book, the long-promised introduction to his philosophical system. It is now widely agreed that explaining Hegel's philosophy in terms of thesis–antithesis–synthesis is inaccurate. The Left Hegelians, also known as the Young Hegelians, interpreted Hegel in a revolutionary sense, leading to an advocation of atheism in religion and liberal democracy in politics. In accounts of Hegelianism formed prior to the Hegel renaissance, Hegel's dialectic was often characterized as a three-step process, "thesis, antithesis, synthesis"; a "thesis" (e.g. [89], The "thing as it is in itself" is indeed knowable: it is the indeterminate, "futural" aspect of the thing we experience—it is what we will come to know. For both Hegel and Kant, "we arrive at the concept of the thing in itself by removing, or abstracting from, everything in our experiences of objects of which we can become conscious. Saul Kripke's Naming and Necessity (1975) helped to reintroduce essentialist ideas inot contemporary debate, though for much of the twentieth century these were a subject of derision in Anglophone academe. [100] Broadly speaking, the term was split, like Hegel's followers, to the political left and right. Nevertheless, this interpretation survives in a number of scholarly works. Die Logik des Gewissens. For other uses, see, Articles related to Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Bern (1793–1796) and Frankfurt (1797–1801). )[35][a], Hegel has influenced many thinkers and writers whose own positions vary widely. In the United States, Hegel's influence is evident in pragmatism. [136] The Swiss theologian Hans Küng has also advanced contemporary Hegelian scholarship. Den övergår då i So he, too, sometimes spoke of God and, more often, of the divine; and because he occasionally took pleasure in insisting that he was really closer to this or that Christian tradition than some of the theologians of his time, he has sometimes been understood to have been a Christian. [59]:80 While in Frankfurt, Hegel composed the essay "Fragments on Religion and Love". The more recent movement of communitarianism has a strong Hegelian influence. Hegel was appointed University Rector of the University in October 1829, but his term ended in September 1830. In the opening of the Logic, Hegel sets out his stall in general terms as follows. Hegel har været skoledannende inden for den såkaldte kontinentale filosofi. This contradiction leads to the dissolution of the thing or idea in the simple form in which it presented to a higher-level, more complex thing or idea that more adequately incorporates the contradiction. Regarded from the standpoint of division or disunion, its potential Being is for it an Other, and it itself is natural will; it is divided within itself, and this division is so far its feeling or consciousness of a contradiction, and there is thus given along with it the necessity for the abolition of the contradiction. He gives illustrations with equal weight from mental life, as mental dispositions (e.g. [131] Since the fall of the Soviet Union, a new wave of Hegel scholarship has arisen in the West without the preconceptions of the prior schools of thought. [109] Kaufmann wrote: Aside to his beloved Greeks, Hegel saw before him the example of Spinoza and, in his own time, the poetry of Goethe, Schiller, and Hölderlin, who also liked to speak of gods and the divine. Peateosed ... (1807), "Loogikateadus" (Wissenschaft der Logik) (1812/1832 -1816), "Õigusfilosoofia põhijooned" (Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts) (1821) ja "Filosoofiliste teaduste entsüklopeedia" (Enzyklopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften im Grundrisse) (1830). Va rebre la seva formació en el Tübinger Stift (seminari luterà adscrit a la Universitat de Tübingen), on va fer amistat amb el futur filòsof Friedrich Schelling i el poeta Friedrich Hölderlin. Sy historistiese en idealistiese siening van die werklikheid het 'n rewolusie in Europese filosofie veroorsaak en het as 'n belangrike voorloper tot kontinentale filosofie, Marxisme en historisme gedien.. Hegel het die filosofiese beweging genaamd … Throughout the 19th century, many chairs of philosophy around Europe were held by Hegelians and Søren Kierkegaard, Ludwig Feuerbach, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels—among many others—were deeply influenced by, but also strongly opposed to many of Hegel's central philosophical themes. In fact, Hegel himself argued, in his Science of Logic, that German was particularly conducive to philosophical thought. p. 100, In the 1870s and 1880s, Rev. [122]:203 In his political philosophy, he criticized Karl Ludwig von Haller's reactionary work, which claimed that laws were not necessary. In addition, the style of argument will be relaticely familiar to the reader of empiricist philosophy. Critiques of Hegel offered by the Left Hegelians radically diverted Hegel's thinking into new directions and eventually came to form a large part of the literature on and about Hegel. (ed. Søren Kierkegaard Concluding Unscientific Postscriptt. Hegel's State is the final culmination of the embodiment of freedom or right (Rechte) in the Elements of the Philosophy of Right. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (/ ˈ h eɪ ɡ əl /; tiếng Đức: [ˈɡeɔɐ k ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈheːɡəl]; 27 tháng 8 năm 1770 - 14 tháng 11 năm 1831) là một nhà triết học người Đức.Cùng với Johann Gottlieb Fichte và Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Hegel được coi là người sáng lập ra chủ nghĩa duy tâm Đức. 27 sierpnia 1770 w Stuttgarcie, zm. It was spread by Heinrich Moritz Chalybäus in accounts of Hegelian philosophy and, since then, the terms have been used for this type of framework. [97], "Mind" and "Spirit" are the common English translations of Hegel's use of the German "Geist", which combines the meaning of spirit—as in god, ghost, or mind—with an intentional force. Unable to find more suitable employment, Hegel reluctantly accepted. That is a matter rather for history or some other sort of observation, depending on the content of the statement. "[80], The affinity between Hegel and Kant's logics ("speculative" and "transcendental" respectively) is apparent in their vocabulary. However, although this may be fine and well as a reading strategy, it probably falls short of Hegel's real ambition. [in itself]....A child, in Hegel's example, is thus 'in itself' the adult it will become: to know what a 'child' is means to know that it is, in some respects, a vacancy which will only gain content after it has grown out of childhood. Especially crucial are Aristotle, Immanuel Kant and Kant's immediate successors, most prominently Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling. The reason why this subsumption takes place in a series of concepts is that Hegel's method in his Science of Logic and his Encyclopedia is to begin with basic concepts like "Being" and "Nothing" and to develop these through a long sequence of elaborations, including those already mentioned. A casual glance at the contents page of the Science of Logic (1812-16) will be enough to establish that his idea of Logic is both different and far more extended than will be familiar to the modern reader of texts on Logic. Cambridge University Press. Author's preface to "On The Fourfold Root of the Principle of sufficient reason. ISBN 0-19-929064-4; Kalkavage, Peter, 2007. the constitutional state of free citizens). Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (Stuttgart, Württemberg, 27 d'agost del 1770 - Berlín, Prússia, 14 de novembre del 1831) va ser un filòsof alemany pertanyent a l'idealisme. The universe as becoming is a combination of being and non-being. Hegel's remaining two sons—Karl, who became a historian; and Immanuel [de], who followed a theological path—lived long and safeguarded their father's manuscripts and letters, and produced editions of his works. ISBN 0-521-84484-3. [59]:223 Hegel attempted to enlist the help of the poet and translator Johann Heinrich Voß to obtain a post at the renascent University of Heidelberg, but he failed. The terminology was largely developed earlier by Fichte. "[55][56] Heidegger in various places further stated Hegel's thinking to be "the most powerful thinking of modern times. "[88], If we abstract 'Ding' [thing] from 'Ding an sich' [thing in itself], we get one of Hegel's standard phrases: 'an sich.' Nevertheless, Hegel assumed that his readers are well-versed in Western philosophy. p. 1. [63] They watched the unfolding of the French Revolution with shared enthusiasm. Häntä pidetään saksalaisen idealismin tärkeimpänä edustajana. Every outlook in other words, is to be studied not merely as an academic possibility but as an existential reality". Rather, it comes to completion in the philosophical comprehension of individual existing human minds who through their own understanding bring this developmental process to an understanding of itself. This view, sometimes referred to as the "non-metaphysical option", has influenced many major English-language studies of Hegel. Životopis. Hegel was born in Stuttgart in 1770, just 620 km from Paris. Hegelovým hlavním přínosem je objev dějinnosti: svět není neměnné, stálé uspořádání, nýbrž jedno nesmírné dějství, v němž světový duch hledá cestu sám k sobě. For Hegel, the inner movement of reality is the process of God thinking as manifested in the evolution of the universe of nature and thought; Hegel argued that, when fully understood, reality is being thought by God as manifested in a person's comprehension of this process. In 1776, he entered Stuttgart's gymnasium illustre and during his adolescence read voraciously, copying lengthy extracts in his diary. the subjective side of knowledge and will, with its life, movement, and activity" (thesis and antithesis), he did not use "synthesis", but instead spoke of the "Whole": "We then recognised the State as the moral Whole and the Reality of Freedom, and consequently as the objective unity of these two elements". One interpretation of this is that gravity must be an "occult" (hidden) quality or "force" behind experience, but Hegel argues that all such qualities have to be seen ultimately as properties of experience itself, although they indicate that experience is not simply a conjunction of accidental atoms (whether of sensation or matter) and properties. As a graduate of a Protestant seminary, Hegel's theological concerns were reflected in many of his writings and lectures. "On Hegel—A Study in Sorcery", in J. T. Fraser, F. Haber & G. Muller (eds. Stefan Gruner: "Hegel's Aether Doctrine". But the … Hegel devoted himself primarily to delivering lectures; his lectures on aesthetics, the philosophy of religion, the philosophy of history and the history of philosophy were published posthumously from students' notes. Heraclitus did not form any abstract nouns from his ordinary use of "to be" and "to become" and seemed to oppose any identity A to any other identity B, C and so on, which is not-A. This liberal distinction between political society and civil society was used by Alexis de Tocqueville. [76] In August 1831, a cholera epidemic reached Berlin and Hegel left the city, taking up lodgings in Kreuzberg. Although the violence of the 1793 Reign of Terror dampened Hegel's hopes, he continued to identify with the moderate Girondin faction and never lost his commitment to the principles of 1789, which he expressed by drinking a toast to the storming of the Bastille every fourteenth of July.[64]. The concepts here from being on are so general and omnipresent in consciousness though, that arguably little new light can be shed on them by such abstract discussions and the reader may leave the book with an air composed in equal parts of disappointment and bafflement. Christened Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, he was known as Wilhelm to his close family. In nature the idea has lost itself, because it has lost its unity and is splintered, as it were, into a thousand fragments. È ritenuto uno dei massimi filosofi di tutti i tempi. Furthermore, Kant's categories and his idea of relating concepts to the unity of consciousness are taken up again and live issues in Hegel, who takes over Kant's idealism. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (* 27.August 1770 in Stuttgart; † 14. [149] This concept of Hegel as a hermetic thinker was elaborated by Glenn Alexander Magee,[150] who argued that interpreting Hegel's body of work as an expression of mysticism and hermetic ideas leads to a more accurate understanding of Hegel. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, nemški filozof, * 27. avgust 1770, Stuttgart, vojvodina Württemberg, Nemčija, † 14. november 1831, Berlin. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. This research program took on new meaning with the 1781 publication of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. [140] Kierkegaard criticized Hegel's "absolute knowledge" unity. In his discussion of "Spirit" in his Encyclopedia, Hegel praises Aristotle's On the Soul as "by far the most admirable, perhaps even the sole, work of philosophical value on this topic". That history should resemble this dialectic indicated to Hegel that history is something rational. ), a practice that goes back to Plato's Sophist and Aristotle's Categories. ; 1984; 'The Significance of Hegel's separation of the state and civil society' pp1-13 in Pelczynski, A.Z. Isto débese a que, como Hegel suxire pola súa introdución do concepto de «realidade», o que … There, Hölderlin exerted an important influence on Hegel's thought. [85] However, regardless of its status as a formal logic, Hegel clearly understood the course of his logic to be reflected in the course of history: ...different stages of the logical Idea assume the shape of successive systems, each based on a particular definition of the Absolute. Die in diesem Sammelband "Anfänge bei Hegel" vereinigten Beiträge gehen zum größeren Teil auf Vorträge zurück, die auf dem gleichnamigen Symposion gehalten wurden, das wir zum 70. Felsefeya George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel; Ev rûpel cara dawî 5 Kanûna pêşîn 2020, saet li 00:19an de hatiye guhartin. In this way, Hegel defended the truth in Kantian dualism against reductive or eliminative programs like materialism and empiricism. However, Hegel interprets not-A as not existing at all, not nothing at all, which cannot be conceived, but an indeterminate or "pure" being without particularity or specificity. This notion of identity in difference, which is bound up with his conception of contradiction and negativity, is a principal feature differentiating Hegel's thought from other philosophers. ), The Oldest Systematic Program of German Idealism, The Difference Between Fichte's and Schelling's Systems of Philosophy, Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel bibliography, Enzyklopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften, Vorlesungen über de Geschichte der Philosophie, "Adam Smith's Influence on Hegel's Philosophical Writings", Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, "Duden | He-gel | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition", "Vorlesungen über die Geschichte der Philosophie", "MDZ-Reader – Band – Von den Beweisen für die Unsterblichkeit der menschlichen Seele im Lichte der spekulativen Philosophie / Göschel, Carl Friedrich", "Hegel and Clausewitz: Convergence on Method, Divergence on Ethics", On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, « Der Instinkt der Vernünftigkeit » and other texts, Hegel, as the National Philosopher of Germany (1874), "The Life of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel", Scans of all (original, German) books from Hegel (all editions) between 1807 and 1850 as PDFs at hegel.net, Works by or about Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Relationship between religion and science, Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel&oldid=993780249, People educated at Eberhard-Ludwigs-Gymnasium, Articles with Latin-language sources (la), Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016, Articles needing additional references from August 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Francke, Kuno, Howard, William Guild, Schiller, Friedrich, 1913–1914, This page was last edited on 12 December 2020, at 13:27. However, Hegel himself describes the system as a "circle of circles:", ...the science presents itself as a circle that winds around itself, where the mediation winds the end back to the beginning which is the simple ground; the circle is thus a circle of circles, for each single member ensouled by the method is reflected into itself so that, in returning to the beginning it is at the same time the beginning of a new member.[92]. [59][77] His last words are said to have been, "There was only one man who ever understood me, and even he didn't understand me. ISBN 978-1-58988-037-5. ISBN 0-87220-645-9; Charles Taylor, 1975. Wallace, Robert M. 2005. Juli 2008 an der Universität Kassel durchführten. Hegel's Philosophy of Reality, Freedom, and God. With the possible exception of the study of inference, what was called "logic" in nineteenth-century Europe (and so Hegel's Logic) bears little resemblance to what logicians study today. [98], Central to Hegel's conception of knowledge, mind, and reality was identity in difference; mind externalizes itself in various forms and objects and stands outside or opposed to them and, through recognizing itself in them, is "with itself" in these external manifestations so that they are at one and the same time mind and other-than-mind. Ishte i biri i një nëpunësi te thjeshtë te financave mbretërore. In 1818, Hegel accepted the renewed offer of the chair of philosophy at the University of Berlin, which had remained vacant since Johann Gottlieb Fichte's death in 1814. [127] Kaufmann has argued that as unlikely as it may sound, it is not the case that Hegel was unable to write clearly, but that Hegel felt that "he must and should not write in the way in which he was gifted".[128]. For Hegel, analysis or comprehension of a thing or idea reveals that underneath its apparently simple identity or unity is an underlying inner contradiction. Thomas Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), which give only a limited role to reason in identifying problems in a given network of concepts, but leave the proposal of solutions to imagination or an ill defined "creativity". Wissenschaft der Logik. … "[91] Hegel went so far as to include the concept of life as a category in his Science of Logic, likely inspired by Aristotle's emphasis on teleology, as well as Kant's treatment of Naturzweck (natural purposiveness) in the Critique of Judgment.