how to address professor in email germany

Is Jonathan Culler saying that literary theory is effectively the same subject as cultural studies? ", https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_(title). 5. “My name is Oski Bear, and I’m a freshman majoring in ____.” Step 2. Here it is much more likely to find professors who are really obsessed about titles and it would be a huge no-go not to use all available titles in written conversation. Alexandre Herlin, Enseignement pour déficients visuels, auditifs et déficientsmentaux modérés…See this and similar jobs on LinkedIn. As a native i use for femals "Frau Professor Müller" instead of "Frau Professorin Müller". If you feel more comfortable with the person—if they’re a family friend or mentor, for example—it’s acceptable to start your email with, “Hi [First Name].” Be Mindful of Your Tone Thanks for contributing an answer to Academia Stack Exchange! Do german professors like to be called “Herr X”? Formal emails (and letters, for that matter) in German start in an equally formal manner: Sehr geehrte (most esteemed/very dear) so-and-so. If you're emailing a professor for the first time, it's better to err on the side of being too formal rather than too casual. In fact I'm becoming suspicious if a student adresses me with "Professor xxx" in spoken conversation ;-). Dear Dr. Smith, My name is David Wu and I'm a second year biology major at UVa. You put the address of the recipient at the left underneath your address in the same order as your address. Zip codes are always five-digit in Germany. Sometimes I wonder whether they would prefer if I addressed them as "Professor Lastname". Once you spoke with a graduate student, mention it in the email to faculty. Never ever address a senior person by his/her first name. Professor. They are both somehow correct, but assume a totally different context in my opinion. The first (professor-related) and the second (doctor-related) parts of this answer seem oddly divergent. Sie is also associated with formal titles. in the U.S. when addressing a lawyer or attorney see Esquire. Say that you already touched base with a student and could see yourself assisting them with a project. Professor uses academic employees to write proposals. You can then check the paper against your notes to find the original source. The tone and level of detail in the email may also give you some clues as to whether they’ll be a supportive PhD advisor (although, like any written email… Also, what is a proper closing? DO SEND AN EMAIL LIKE THESE General email to a STEM professor. (natural sciences), Dr. phil. Finding the right professor; Sending a well crafted email ( that professor’s will read and reply) Getting Reply and Follow-up; PS: I have an entire section on above 3 topics – step by step process that you can use to find a professor, crafting an email, subject lines and how to reply and follow-up. This is Joe Schmo. Address your professor directly; don't just launch straight into a request. Always address your professor as “Professor [Last Name]” and start your emails with “Dear Professor [Last Name]” Double-check your grammar, punctuation, and spelling. 2. Your Address. “Good morning Professor/Dr.X”. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Begin your message with an appropriate greeting. Stack Exchange network consists of 176 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. with the (vice-)presidents and her/his staff. Germany Mailing Address Formats and Other International Mailing Information for mailing letters or packages to or from Germany, such as postal rates to (or from) Germany, finding German addresses, German postcodes, etc. Your article, “how to Write an Email to a Potential Ph.D. Advisor/Professor”, had helped shining the way to communicate with professors who live overseas. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Each email should be tailored to the PhD supervisor in question. First, the general advice. In general post offices open between 08:00 and 08:30 and close at 18:00. There are many different reasons that a student or parent might want to write a letter to their school principal. Is it more respectful to address a professor who is an MD as “Dr.” or “Professor” in email? While we might not use them as much as the old days, when you're living in Germany it's likely you will receive letters about services you've signed up for such as the internet, cell phone service, or banking. 9. How to Address a Formal Letter . Largest set of words that don’t share letters. I feel funny calling my doctor "Herr Dr. __", too. It is extremely important to choose the appropriate personal pronoun. This would have been helped by the fact that our Brazilian students were more likely than students in many other countries to have spent some time in the USA. However, there are some more and some less frequently accepted ways of addressing, so I'll compile a little list of options (centering around a fictional person named Thomas Müller): Note that for female professors, you can also use the female forms Professorin and Doktorin, although this might make your words sound even a bit more formal (as in writing). Faculty are very busy, and they get a lot of emails that aren’t worth reading. It doesn't matter to me if it's "Sehr geehrter Herr Prof. xxx" or "Sehr geehrter Prof xxx". pol. Posted 2 days ago. Rain. part refers to certain qualifications (PhD in Engineering and a Habilitation -- a German qualification to teach at a University), but is only ever used on name cards and CVs etc. Lv 7. (Full Name) (dentistry), Dr. med. I would like to hear some personal opinions of actual professors teaching in Germany: I am not a professor myself, but I am going to report my observations from CS in Germany as a native speaker: Basically, this depends on personal preference. In order to receive the North American equivalent of tenure or full professorship, academics in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria (and a few other non-German speaking places) will often complete a second doctorate called a “habilitation.” Looking at the answer will usually tell you that using the title was not necessary, i.e. Subject: Meeting to discuss undergraduate research opportunities in topic. In North America ‘professor’ and ‘professorship’ are generic labels applied to all academics employed to research and teach in universities. Is it rude not to attend courses which have no attendance requirements? Unless stated otherwise on the syllabus, stay safe with how you address your professor by using “Dear Professor…” or simply, “Dear Prof.” Overall, the email should be short, sweet, and to the point. In just a sentence or two, you should mention your name, year, and major. The answer is completely different, when you are talking about law, economics or medicine. All holders of doctoral degrees are appropriately addressed as "Herr/Frau Dr. _____" in all social situations. Outlook. Step 1: Date and Address. Where to put the address on the envelope . Thanks! Dr. Kornbluth, I am a senior biology major at the University of Notre Dame. GERMANY. The good thing about a letter is that it lends a certain gravitas to the sender, implying that you are serious about your application. Is there a way to get ℔ (U+2114) without china2e in LuaLaTeX? How to respond to a possible supervisor asking for a CV I don't have, Signal in the center frequency of my SDR spectrum always, Changing directory by changing one early word in a pathname. Address your professor using an appropriate title. %PDF-1.5 Adding a few aspects to the very good responses above: I'm a German professor in CS and I prefer "Herr xxx" as well. Most email services have built-in spell check, but if yours doesn’t, you can spell check for free in a new browser window with the Hemingway Editor. On 2 August 1984, the university received Germany's first email. Make sure to use the correct case endings for sehr geehrte (it is an adjective, after all).So if you’re addressing your letter to “ladies and gentlemen,” you would write Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren, but if you’re addressing your email to Herr Brandt, you would write Sehr geehrter Herr Brandt. 9 years ago. Germany Travel Guide by German Places - Germany travel portal with information, sights, pictures and tips for tourists with destination Germany Hat season is on its way! For the more versatile greeting, such as Dear Sir or Madam, the letter would begin with “Sehr geehrte Damen und Herren.”. Professor + last name (in a university setting) When you are writing to someone for the first time, use a formal address: Mr or Ms + the person's last name if you know it. Probably, you would just say "Entschuldigung" (Excuse me) to call for attention, rather than directly addressing the professor nowadays. In written communication I am happy with all three forms and in fact I do not really care too much. "In Germany, the most common doctoral degrees are Dr. med. The preference will vary from person to person but the generalization you made appears to be the most common preference. There should also be a degree of transparency – most supervisors will understand that you may be contacting others, so long as they are not misled to believe otherwise. You put your address at the top left. You don't want it to seem like a randomly generated subject and end up in your professor's spam folder. For men, it would be “Lieber Herr” for “Dear Mr.” and “Liebe Frau” for “Dear Mrs.”. Why are the German professors addressed as Prof. Dr. XXX? How to Write a German Letter. If you are writing to a very close friend who knows your address, you can omit the address altogether. I am studying in Germany soon so I can see myself writing lots of emails to professors and uni admin (Yes, they do all speak ENglish, but that's not the point). Was a professor correct to chastise me for writing “Prof. 67677 Enkenbach. As in other European languages, German has both a formal and a familiar form of “you.” The formal Sie is used to address strangers, business associates, and acquaintances (Bekannte, Use the third line for their city, state, and zip code, being sure to use the right two-letter state abbreviation. It is extremely important to choose the appropriate personal pronoun. I do think that in the examples you mention in the comment, referring to a professor as. Use professional fonts. Email to two academics of differing familiarity. It only takes a minute to sign up. %���� Sehr geehrter Herr Professor. Your letters will only get delivered if you write the address correctly on the envelope. But this is me and it is CS! 1 0 obj How do you represent one-quibit rotations in two registers as its own 4x4 unitary matrix? Request a meeting with the professor in order to look at the paper together or ask to see a copy the paper with the plagiarism highlighted. (engineering), and Dr. theol. Once upon a time, people would wait weeks, months, and even years for letters from loved ones, pen friends, or associates to arrive in the mail. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. What if a spacecraft lands on my property? (theology). (law), Dr. rer. To address an envelope for a personal letter, write the recipient’s name on the first line and their street address or post office box on the second. So, email writing is pretty much an essential skill these days, but the conventions differ between languages a lot. Keep the email brief and to the point. Personal Pronouns . I am a German student at a German university. I will be sending a formal e-mail and would like to formally and professionally address him. �(QyXe�>��!T����>~��L��W}���na�������,2���qeJ�IP*��2IT[����=�vD�"»'��#���������?���]����Aą�E�aDz�_H7���|������:����G{�m�F�� �?b������m����|0��V�n�����(Ƀ�i���n��'�#���h֭��+~�*���K�o䳯0$�50 �i;p��?J�"ͳ�+�#+�eU��������?^�8.�,�mBfw������@�(?��$s��*��i���]s�q ��>�zF�5S狌�����A^�)�N'���h���ڽ(�4�w�dע��1.&�0;K��0���p���"�=�y6��O�A�:�}����� ս��� Always use subject lines. If addressing a professor of either gender it would be “Sehr geehrter Herr Professor" or "Frau Professor.”. How to Sign an Electronic Document . Oh I forgot the "Dr. Lastname" case… Basically, I am never called like that in conversations, emails or letters and I am fine with that. I am an international student. "Herr Professor Lastname" sounds too formal to me and is (at least spoken) worse than the first two options (well, it's close to "Professor Lastname"–but in any case I would not be anrgy or disgruntled by any means). How to address a letter in Germany. In the first line you can put the salutation Herr … Research in my lab concentrates on the interactions between plants, herbivores and natural enemies. After sending my email to three places, I received a good reply from a prospective professor who told me that I was a good fit to his/her laboratory. Keep it simple! The English equivalent might be “Hi”, but that is very colloquial and would be normal among students but not appropriate between students and their lecturers. <>>> Du, the Informal Address This form is only for those with whom you're on familiar or intimate terms, such as family, close friends, children, pets, and in prayer. For a formal letter, you will address the person as Sie, with the obligatory capital S at all times (other forms are Ihr and Ihnen).Otherwise, for a close friend or relative, you will address them as du. Send your email directly to a professor, stating your interests in volunteering some of your time to help out with his or her research. German postal services are provided by Deutsche Post, the former state owned monopoly that was privatised in 2000. Why might an area of land be so hot that it smokes? There are post offices in nearly every town and city in Germany, over 13,000 in all, although they are disappearing in smaller villages. Communicating in a language that is not your native one can present various challenges, especially when it comes to written expressions. When I say it out loud I imagine a women of age 50+ saying: "Oh Herr Dr. Schmidt, mein Zahnweh raubt mir den Schlaf!". Email address. I am a professor in Germany and in normal coversations I prefer to be called "Herr Lastname" instead of "Professor Lastname" (well Lastname is in fact not my lastname but you get the point…). A sample email to a comparative literature prospective advisor. But just as with professors I am unsure how to call medical doctors when being treated by them. Answer Save. CU") Are there full sentences with correct punctuation? Relevance. University of Tübingen, state-supported university at Tübingen, Ger. endobj This would have been helped by the fact that our Brazilian students were more likely than students in many other countries to have spent some time in the USA. in Switzerland), Dr.-Ing. A template for what an email like that should look like. You must be on firstname terms to say “Hi”to … dent. Is there anything you can do when a professor discusses some of your personal concerns with other professors potentially mockingly? Have a clear, and concise subject line. There titles are regularly used and German presidents sometimes like to be called "Magnifizenz" and some Deans like "Spektabilität" in formal contexts. Date. Always address your professor as “Professor [Last Name]” and start your emails with “Dear Professor [Last Name]” Double-check your grammar, punctuation, and spelling. (Naturally, that would be virtually the only situation a student might be in.) u���.�� �B�jGD�5��7]L -�@����T�nbJnjRʫ��)u�4V��-����3��ɶ�;]]����� �ժJ�Q�C�u��'�٪gt�-ij:r��f�k�o��#:O?�y.�;`����th ޷�� �D�/�a� ��D��_�l WCr���&�@}/d����F�ȏ+�iG����6J find people in germany Classified ad listings for people searches in GERMANY Over 7000 ads placed worldwide Someone may be looking for you! Someone you would address as Frau Winter, Herr Schmidt, or with a title like Professor or Doktor is someone you would use the pronoun Sie, and never du, with. This is written at the top right corner of the letter. The department of informatics was established three years later, along with the first regular course in informatics. Do not use “hey”, or “hi”. Hopefully a German professor will appear to give us a more thorough explanation and context for that preference. The location of the addresses and postage stamps on German letters are the … After glancing at a few of your recent papers and your research summary I find your work with apoptosis very interesting. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> endobj So, a typical envelope would read: Johannes Schmidt. The rest of the email/letter is much more important. The shift to du typically involves a corresponding shift to using first names. Being a German professor I would say that anything but Herr/Frau Lastname is uncommon, unless you are writing an e-mail to someone you do not know personally. "in all social situations" I do not agree tbh. Expression of interest in … 3. I'm RAing for a friend who's a professor at my school. Check out Hello America Course. Etiquette for a Letter to a Foreign Embassy . How to Cancel a Change of Address With the Post Office . With colleagues it really depends but usually we do not call each other "Professor …" but "Herr …" if we say "Sie" and use the first name if we say "du". First, you probably sent an email that does not represent you in a way you would like to be represented. If I am dealing with someone in my (or their) capacity as a member of the university, "Prof. Dr." is the right address (at least initially; it's also custom for colleagues not to use titles at all, unless you want to put extra distance between you). X” rather than “Professor X”? vet. On the one hand it sounds way too formal, especially after I heard them addressing each other using their first name only. To address both of these issues, we’ll provide give you some general advice and then provide an email template that you can use as a starting point. Once upon a time, people would wait weeks, months, and even years for letters from loved ones, pen friends, or associates to arrive in the mail. Sometimes I read "Herr Professor Doktor Lastname" or (more often) "Herr Prof. Dr. Lastname". Other people in certain professions are also sometimes addressed by mentioning their profession, as I illustrated in the examples above - notably people in certain political offices. ... what? Samii received the "Physician" award by the north German city of Hanover. For a post on use of Esquire (Esq.) Female professors are addressed as Frau Professorin (X) (using feminized version of Professor compareble to the no longer used professoress) or as Frau Professor (X); if the title is used without the Frau, then it should always be rendered as Professorin X. Academia Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for academics and those enrolled in higher education. site design / logo © 2020 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa. @MassimoOrtolano: You're right, that is possible - I have added a remark at the end of my answer. 4. Friends and Acquaintances (du and Sie) German Language > DU and SIE German-speakers tend to be more formal and reserved than people in some other cultures when conducting their personal and business affairs. The best way to address a German professor is “Dear Professor *last name+”. If you address him by his name, and he has also a doctorate, so: Sehr geehrter Herr Professor. I assume, that professors who are active in SE are more open-minded then others, so answers here might be biased. A good way to do this is via their university email address, or even a good old-fashioned letter addressed to the faculty member via the department and university address. <> is the German abbreviation for Straße, or street, and is sometimes written as part of the street name and sometimes as a separate word. This is considered extremely rude. For example, at pre-school and kindergarten , kids use Du (which means you) together with their surname. habil." If your professor has sent you a link to this page, two things are likely true. On the other hand I sometimes feel like I am not showing them enough respect. Do German professors in a Master’s program respond to students who email them interested in their research work? Firstname Lastname Address City, State Zip Code Phone Number Email. Step 2: … Hi Joe, ... Email address _____ From University of Virginia, How to Sucessfully E-mail Professors. When filling the subject line, make sure that you mention what the email is for or in regards to. <> In the latter case you might include titles, because you never know whether the other person is touchy, and you might want to be on the safe side. C++ "Zero Overhead Principle" in practice. How should I address him in conversations about the research? nat. Former German chancellor Gerhard Schröder hailed the 70-year-old Samii for his medical contribution to neuroscience as head of the International Neuroscience Institute (INI), based in Hanover. For written conversation of unknown students, it would be ok. On the other hand, if I met them on the street, it'd be "Frau X" and "Herr Clason", same as anybody else. It was founded in 1477 by Count Eberhard VI (1445–96), later the first duke of Württemberg, a civic and ecclesiastic reformer who established the school after becoming absorbed in the Renaissance revival of learning during his By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Appropriate salutation for female German full professor. This article should clear your misconceptions about sending email to professor's asking about admission, funding and scholarships, research topics and possibility of working for them. (veterinary medicine), Dr. rer. The "Dr.-Ing. 3 0 obj Bruce Macfarlane, the author of Intellectual Leadership in Higher Education, describes ‘professor’ as ‘a slippery term’.That’s because in the UK it means something quite different from what it denotes in North America. Must Read. Personal Pronouns . [Note that I do not care too much about typos as I myself produce a lot of them myself…]. By not doing so, you may sound impolite. The date follows the address. Professor, I am a year student at university majoring in major. Do not write “Hello X”(as you might in German). I would say, some students have an obsession to do just that. Join us for Winter Bash 2020. 3. Knowing how to begin and end a letter in a foreign tongue is important because it signals your familiarity with the language and with the culture. Start your email to a professor with an appropriate and respectful salutation. In the fourth line you put your zip code and town. A sample email to a computer science prospective advisor. “Dear…”. When mailing an envelope or postcard, leave at least the bottom 16 millimeters (5/8 inch) blank on both front and back. A short, concise email will likely yield a response, even if … A sample email to a business school prospective advisor. However, I heard rumours that law and medicine are governed by rules different from sciences and humanities. That’s why it’s crucial that you spend time on creating a professional email address. stream :-). Not sure if its correct and i expect that there are people who insist to gender the title correctly. }�P�#��[E��3.lP�'c"�1����z�){��C����q�"��T��!U ��B������.09�Ѫ����,d�{k���U��}��SPZo�h��t.߲I�Abx귖�}���������l&�XT���:%�(��Z(�J��f���"Kb���������ކO�ց:��W�ƪ� ග{ꚫ�HLS)b7«���E��I�Wtv���G�X6�?B*+�q����(h��q�~���r�.��t���k����;�����ol��T{rM��D>�K��P�95�--�dH��j����s�~=+��M�dJ�5A�䙓,D��y��� 6����BI�c�� ?�. Regarding your comments: It all depends on the context. �F�q���2���9S��c�@(ܪ��5�N����jMC;u�'?�TQ������( �0=!8zU2�-��P�M�z"���d��S�� ey�_�\j����?d���Pp�~[�x@R��� `B��O�$͂$�[�� H����1մ/o/-�rd�X�F�kR|���u*4���5�,z`n�ڃR:uD��/�Iζ�(�z]���ݍ��fO)�Eu���2!��LZ�����w�_���^7]�vb��p��r/ �������{�$����q��n�K���綮(��5���n�@}�p�v���6����(:"�"r�; ���V U����i��4�Z� �ðB0H3��-Pu#�Zj����G��4j���p��ؽ0��&4�����B��+���4i-5����Ɂ ��X�'��V2�pN�6��Fx�P�i`�C�>"� �� �F�� >����yP��aP�5!� � G��l�k>��� Y�Ra���r�6@�K���٬�Mg�4���F�R��nɱ&Sz�r4s2��i�7�Aߑ�cp"�njD%�6Y���)�&�ԋP@��ی���iW`��erZ�mc"[ʮ���������� � �l��`���4��|T�$� ���]�AP,��N��2P���=@O�]���u��4{o)�s۠��6Y������x �p�(l(%W�h�)ߋ�0(c_⳾�O�^R�Ab�"߫���V_���tl׾����.� }L��z�D��Aa���u]s?7�Ik�J��=Y� ���¢�S��>V�V4R�$����H0��op����[~��qP+��s���n#N4�����'���C�"e&^&�~Q���`����b�~4�N�k@$-�P�X|hZd��$��Y��?���Pg��? When italicizing, do I have to include 'a,' 'an,' and 'the'? By not doing so, you may sound impolite. Frau Gabi Müller Musterstraße 1 12345 Berlin 2) Address of Recipient. I am applying to the CMB program and am very interested in your work. Why do (some) dictator colonels not appoint themselves general? 4 0 obj (humanities), Dr. iur. He is the president of the International Neuroscience Institute (INI). Must the Vice President preside over the counting of the Electoral College votes? Once you have the answers to your question, you will be much better positioned to compose a winning email to the professor leading the research group. Double-check their name before sending an email and make sure your greeting is followed by a comma. To some eyes and ears, "Dear Professor Jones" may be too formal for an e-mail message – but in fact it will do just fine when your purpose is a business-like one. In fact, thinking about it, this is why it always rings false to me when someone refers in a talk to "Professor X's result" or "Professor Y's previous talk": Their job should make no difference to the relevance, worth or correctness of their results. Unlike in formal letters, we only write the address of the sender in the letter. In Germany, the age of the student determines how to address a teacher. GERMANY. For many prospects, it’s the first thing they see when they interact with you, and it can have a huge impact on the kind of impression you make. How to Address an Email to Someone You Don't Know . Dr. Firstname Lastname Chair, Department of Biology XYZ University Address City, State Zip Code. Really. To end a letter in German, start by wrapping up with a friendly line, like "Ich würde mich freuen, bald von Ihnen zu hören," which means "I look forward to hearing from you," or "Bitte antworte mir bald," which means "Please write back soon." Dear Dr. Your email address is like your online business card. In the third line you put your street name followed by your house number. x��[Yo�H�~/��CΛ��h&o� ���^�,z04��@K��-��&�ry~�ƕ�LZ�]�n�mKyD����9��uuu���oT�\�O7����.�ґ����V!�O�< Let's look at the following Most email services have built-in spell check, but if yours doesn’t, you can spell check for free in a new browser window with the Hemingway Editor. I am not a German professor, but when I studied German my (female) professors always preferred "Frau Lastname" for both oral and written communication. In Brazil Professor [Family name] is normally not a very common way to address teachers and hence students might have accommodated to what they assumed to be the norm in the USA. The University of Karlsruhe is one of the leading German institutions in computer science.A central computer laboratory was founded in 1966. How you found out about the professor's research. Research on relationship between how an instructor is addressed and students' evaluations of that instructor? It's correct and ok, but "Herr Lastname" would be equally ok. How to Address a Lawyer in the United States How to Address an Attorney in the United States —-Official envelope on a legal matter:——– (Full Name), Esq. Word for: Someone who has lost, and cannot grow back, their front teeth, 1960s F&SF short story - Insane Professor, Animated film/TV series where fantasy sorcery was defeated by appeals to mundane science, Using Axiom of Replacement to construct the set of sets that are indexed by a set. If you don not know, look it up. 2 Answers. For a formal letter, you will address the person as Sie, with the obligatory capital S at all times (other forms are Ihr and Ihnen).Otherwise, for a close friend or relative, you will address them as du. (economic and political sciences, also as Dr. rer. Here’s how to start an email to a professor: Dear Professor [Last Name], On the other hand, when taking into account professors who do not want to be called. "Herr Professor Lastname" sounds too formal to me and is (at least spoken) worse than the first two options (well, it's close to "Professor Lastname"–but in any case I would not be anrgy or disgruntled by any means). The easiest way to address someone is to write “Dear X”. Proper Mailing Address Etiquette . Better check their website in advance. In a simple email, explain that you are very interested in the professor’s research on X and, here’s the important part, would like to know whether they are accepting students. (medicine), Dr. med. By using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understand our Cookie Policy, Privacy Policy, and our Terms of Service. Dear Dr. Smith, I am writing to apply for the position of Assistant Professor of Biology with a focus on molecular biology at XYZ University, as advertised in the February 20XX issue of Science.

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